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A bumper is a structure attached or integrated to the front and rear of an automobile to absorb impact in a minor collision, ideally minimizing repair costs. Bumpers also have two safety functions: minimizing height mismatches between vehicles, and protecting pedestrians from injury. ==Construction== Bumpers were just rigid metal bars. On the 1968 Pontiac GTO, General Motors brought forth an "Endura" body-colored plastic front bumper designed to absorb low-speed impact without permanent deformation. It appeared in a notable television commercial where John DeLorean hit the new car with a sledgehammer and no damage resulted.〔Strohl, Daniel. ( "Endura Front Bumper The bounce-back bumper that freed automotive styling" ), ''Hemmings Motor News'', Burlington, Vermont July 2006. Retrieved on 8 July 2015.〕 Similar elastomeric bumpers were available on the front and rear of the 1970-'71 Plymouth Barracuda,〔Genat, Robert: (Challenger & 'Cuda: Mopar's E-body Muscle Cars ), p. 58〕 and in 1972, Renault introduced a plastic bumper on the Renault 5. Current design practice is for the bumper structure on modern automobiles to consist of a plastic cover over a reinforcement bar made of steel, aluminum, fiberglass composite, or plastic.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Bumpers )〕 Specialized bumpers, known as "bull bars" or "roo bars", protect vehicles in rural environments from collisions with large animals. However, studies have shown that such bars increase the threat of death and serious injury to pedestrians in urban environments, because the bull bar is rigid and transmits all force of a collision to the pedestrian, unlike a bumper which absorbs some force and crumples. In the European Union, the sale of rigid metal bull bars which do not comply with the relevant pedestrian-protection safety standards has been banned.〔(EUR-Lex - 32005L0066 - EN - EUR-Lex )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bumper (automobile)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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